مؤسسة الشرق الأوسط للنشر العلمي
عادةً ما يتم الرد في غضون خمس دقائق
Nanoparticles (NPs) are currently used in the diagnosis and treatment of many human diseases, including autoimmune diseases and cancer. However, cytotoxic effects of NPs on normal cells and living organs is a severe limiting factor that hinders their use in medicine. As nanotechnology continues to evolve, the widespread application of NPs in medicine, environmental science, and industry raises concerns about their interactions with living organisms. There are various mechanisms through which NPs alter cellular functions, including oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and genetic damage. The review highlights how physicochemical properties such as size, shape, and surface charge influence NP behavior and toxicity within biological environments. Key mechanisms of NPs toxicity, including oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and alterations in gene expression, are discussed, emphasizing the complex interplay between NP physicochemical characteristics and biological interactions. This review emphasizes the need for comprehensive toxicological assessments and standardized evaluation models to better understand NP-induced biochemical alterations and their implications for human health and safety. Insights gained from this analysis will inform future research directions and the development of safer nanomaterials.